Urine Analysis

Urinalysis is a medical test that examines a urine sample to evaluate urinary health and detect abnormalities. It includes physical, chemical, and microscopic urine analysis. Below are key aspects assessed in urinalysis:

1. Color and Appearance
   Analyzes urine's physical traits, including color, clarity, and odor.
   Unusual color or cloudiness may signal conditions or the presence of substances like blood or pus.

2. pH Level
   Determines urine’s acidity or alkalinity.
   Normal pH falls between 4.6 and 8, with deviations potentially indicating health issues.

3. Specific Gravity
   Measures urine concentration based on dissolved substances.
   Assists in assessing hydration and kidney function. High values may suggest dehydration, while low ones may indicate kidney problems.

4. Protein
   Identifies excessive protein in urine, termed proteinuria.
   Proteinuria may suggest kidney disease, urinary tract infections, or other medical disorders.

5. Glucose
   Detects sugar presence in urine.
   High glucose levels may point to uncontrolled diabetes or metabolic diseases.

6. Ketones
   Evaluates ketone levels, which result from fat metabolism.
   Elevated ketones may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis or other metabolic conditions.

7. Blood
   Screens for blood traces in urine, which may signal infections, kidney stones, or renal disease.

8. Microscopic Examination
   Uses a microscope to detect cells, bacteria, crystals, or particles in urine.
   Aids in diagnosing infections, kidney disorders, or other urinary issues.

Urinalysis offers essential insights into urinary system health and helps detect multiple conditions. It is widely used for routine screenings, monitoring chronic illnesses, or investigating urinary symptoms.